Search results for: warburg

Otto Warburg’s research grant

warburg dfgOtto Warburg (1883 – 1970), the famous German biochemist and Nobel laureate, is often creditet for having written the perfect, the ideal research grant. I just stumbled into a ‘reconstruction’ of his classic application to the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Association of German Science, the fore runner of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), probably in 1921. The application consisted of a single sentence, ‘I require 10,000 marks’ and was fully funded. It was (re)printed in a review in Nature Cancer Reviews  entiteled ‘Otto Warburg’s contributions to current concepts of cancer metabolism’ by Koppenol et al. Thanks! Those were the days!

Jugdging science by proxies: A short and incomplete history

In this post I’ll be looking at the question of why scientific careers today depend so much on the Journal Impact Factor (JIF). And the acquisition of as much third-party funding as possible. Or, more generally, why the content, originality and reliability of research results are often a secondary matter when commissions talk their heads off about who to include in their own ranks. And who not. Or which grant applications deserve to be funded. In short, follow me on a brief and incomplete history of how and why we ended up judging the quality of science through proxies such as JIF and amount of third party funding. Perhaps a historical perspective will also yield clues as to how we can overcome this mess. But I am getting ahead of myself. Let’s start where it all began, with the founding fathers of modern science. Continue reading →

Start your own funding organization!

It’s noon on Saturday, the sun is shining.  I am just evaluating nine applications of a call for applications by a German Science Ministry (each approximately 50 pages).  Fortunately, last weekend I was already able to finish evaluations of four applications for an international foundation (each approximately 60 pages).  Just to relax I am working on a proposal of my own for the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and on one for the European Union.  I’ve lost my overview as to how many article evaluations I have agreed to do but have not yet delivered.  But tomorrow is Sunday, I can still get a few done.  Does this agenda ring a bell with you?  Are you one of the average scientists who according to various independent statistics spend 40% of their work time reviewing papers or bids?  No problem, because there are 24 hours in every day, and then there are still the nights too, to do your research.

I don’t want to complain, though, but rather make you a suggestion as to how to get more time for research.  Interested?  Careful, it is only for those with nerves of steel.  I want to break a lance for a scattergun approach and whet your appetite for this idea:  We allot research money not per bid but have it given to all as a basic support.  With the tiny modification, that a fraction of the funds received must be passed on to other researchers.  You think it sounds completely crazy, as in NFG (North Korean Research Community)?

Continue reading →

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (56)

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Strinzel, M., Brown, J., Kaltenbrunner, W., de Rijcke, S., & Hill, M. (2021). Ten ways to improve academic CVs for fairer research assessment. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/S41599-021-00929-0

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Singh Chawla, D. (2021). Swiss funder draws lots to make grant decisions. Nature 2021. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01232-3

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Mejlgaard, N., Bouter, L. M., Gaskell, G., Kavouras, P., Allum, N., Bendtsen, A. K., Charitidis, C. A., Claesen, N., Dierickx, K., Domaradzka, A., Reyes Elizondo, A., Foeger, N., Hiney, M., Kaltenbrunner, W., Labib, K., Marušić, A., Sørensen, M. P., Ravn, T., Ščepanović, R., … Veltri, G. A. (2020). Research integrity: nine ways to move from talk to walk. Nature, 586(7829), 358–360. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02847-8

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Benjamin, D. M., Hey, S. P., MacPherson, A., Hachem, Y., Smith, K. S., Zhang, S. X., Wong, S., Dolter, S., Mandel, D. R., & Kimmelman, J. (2022). Principal investigators over-optimistically forecast scientific and operational outcomes for clinical trials. PloS One, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0262862

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Weijer, C., & Miller, P. B. (2004). When are research risks reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits? Nature Medicine, 10(6), 570–573. https://doi.org/10.1038/NM0604-570

WMA DECLARATION OF HELSINKI – ETHICAL PRINCIPLES FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN SUBJECTS https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/

Voltaire. Candide oder der Optimismus. Aus dem Deutschen übersetzt von Herrn Doktor Ralph samt den Bemerkungen, die man in der Tasche des Doktors fand, als er zu Minden im Jahre des Heils 1759 starb. Übersetzt von Stephan Hermlin. Reclam, Leipzig, ISBN 3-379-01725-6 (RUB 1725), 2001. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide_oder_der_Optimismus

Yarborough, M., Bredenoord, A., D’Abramo, F., Joyce, N. C., Kimmelman, J., Ogbogu, U., Sena, E., Strech, D., & Dirnagl, U. (2018). The bench is closer to the bedside than we think: Uncovering the ethical ties between preclinical researchers in translational neuroscience and patients in clinical trials. PLoS

 

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Brembs, B., Button, K., & Munafò, M. (2013). Deep impact: Unintended consequences of journal rank. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, JUN. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNHUM.2013.00291/FULL

DePellegrin, T. A., & Johnston, M. (2015). An Arbitrary Line in the Sand: Rising Scientists Confront the Impact Factor. Genetics, 201(3), 811. https://doi.org/10.1534/GENETICS.115.182261

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft – DFG-Positionspapier zum wissenschaftlichen Publizieren als Grundlage und Gestaltungsfeld der Wissenschaftsbewertung. (n.d.). Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.dfg.de/service/presse/pressemitteilungen/2022/pressemitteilung_nr_15/index.html

Dora Declaration (Deutsch) (n.d.). Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://sfdora.org/read/read-the-declaration-deutsch/

EMBO Press Journal Bibliometrics. (n.d.). Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.embopress.org/stats

Johnston, M. (2015). A glaring Paradox. Genetics, 199(3), 637–638. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.115.174771

Lawrence, P. A., Streb, H., Irvine, R. F., Berridge, M. J., Schulz, I. ; M. R., & Hokin, L. E. (2003). Challenging the tyranny of impact factors. Nature 2003 423:6939, 423(6939), 479–479. https://doi.org/10.1038/423479a

quantixed – Wrong Number: A closer look at Impact Factors (n.d.). Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://quantixed.org/2015/05/05/wrong-number-a-closer-look-at-impact-factors/

Reciprocal Space: Sick of Impact Factors  (n.d.). Retrieved August 15, 2022, from http://occamstypewriter.org/scurry/2012/08/13/sick-of-impact-factors/

Retraction Watch: The Lancet more than doubles its impact factor, eclipsing NEJM for the first time ever –. (n.d.). Retrieved August 16, 2022, from https://retractionwatch.com/2022/06/28/the-lancet-more-than-doubles-its-impact-factor-eclipsing-nejm-for-the-first-time-ever/

 

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Für diesen Wissenschaftsnarren gibt es diesmal keine zusätzlichen Referenzen.

 

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (48)

Hier finden Sie alle wichtigen Resolutionen, Statements, Manifestos der letzten Zeit von EU, LERU, SCIENCE EUROPE, EAE, usw. zu Open Access und der Reform der Bewertung von Wissenschaft zum download in einem zip File

Wenn Sie nur eine davon lesen wollen, empfehle ich die von der UNESCO (link)

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (47)

Die Studie: Wardzinski, Ewelina K., Kamila Jauch-Chara, Sarah Haars, Uwe H. Melchert, Harald G. Scholand-Engler, and Kerstin M. Oltmanns, ‘Mobile Phone Radiation Deflects Brain Energy Homeostasis and Prompts Human Food Ingestion’, Nutrients, 14.2 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020339

Die Presseerklärung dazu: ‘Einfluss von Handystrahlung Auf Die Nahrungsaufnahme Nachgewiesen: Universität Zu Lübeck’ https://www.uni-luebeck.de/aktuelles/pressemitteilung/artikel/einfluss-von-handystrahlung-auf-die-nahrungsaufnahme-nachgewiesen.html  [accessed 10 April 2022]

Die Bild Zeitung berichtet: ‘Handy-Strahlung Macht Dick – Neue Studie – Diät – Bild.De’ https://www.bild.de/ratgeber/diaet/diaet/handy-strahlung-macht-dick-neue-studie-79689694.bild.html###wt_ref=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2F&wt_t=1649585561950  [accessed 10 April 2022]

Zum Glück dann noch vernünftiger Journalismus von der WELT: ‘Übergewicht: Diese Studie Soll Beweisen, Dass „Handystrahlung“ Dick Macht – WELT’ https://www.welt.de/wissenschaft/plus238312003/Uebergewicht-Diese-Studie-soll-beweisen-dass-Handystrahlung-dick-macht.html  [accessed 22 April 2022]

Die Obesity-Pandemic: ‘Obesity and Overweight’ https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight  [accessed 10 April 2022]

In der Lübecker Studie nahmen die ‚Bestrahlten‘ mehr als 200 kcal zusätzlich auf. Was so ein Effekt bedeutet: ‘Ernährungs-Wissen: So Sehen 200 Kalorien Aus | BRIGITTE.De’ https://www.brigitte.de/gesund/ernaehrung/ernaehrungs-wissen–so-sehen-200-kalorien-aus_10441624-10441586.html  [accessed 10 April 2022]

 

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (46)

U.K. Lawmakers Decry Lack of Reporting of Clinical Trial Results – STAT https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2018/10/31/clinical-trial-results-transparency-uk/  [accessed 10 March 2022]

Political Pressure in U.K. Prompted Better Reporting of Clinical Trial Results https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2022/02/24/clinical-trials-transparency-uk-fda/?utm_source=STAT+Newsletters&utm_campaign=0265fbf946-Pharmalot&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8cab1d7961-0265fbf946-154298200  [accessed 27 February 2022]

EU Trials Tracker — Who’s Not Sharing Clinical Trial Results?  https://eu.trialstracker.net/  [accessed 10 March 2022]

FDAAA Trialstracker – Who’s Sharing Their Clinical Trial Results? https://fdaaa.trialstracker.net/  [accessed 10 March 2022]

Transparimed – Clinical Transparency https://www.transparimed.org/  [accessed 10 March 2022]

Goldacre, Ben, Nicholas J. Devito, Carl Heneghan, Francis Irving, Seb Bacon, Jessica Fleminger, and others, ‘Compliance with Requirement to Report Results on the EU Clinical Trials Register: Cohort Study and Web Resource’, BMJ, 362 (2018), 3218 https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.K3218

Grabitz, Peter, Till Brückner, and Daniel Strech, ‘The Publication of Clinical Trial Results by German Universities Is Insufficient—This Should Change’, Bundesgesundheitsblatt – Gesundheitsforschung – Gesundheitsschutz, 63.12 (2020), 1531–37 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-020-03246-0

Mirjam Keestra, Sarai, Florence Rodgers, Sophie Gepp, Peter Grabitz, and Till Bruckner, ‘Improving Clinical Trial Transparency at UK Universities: Evaluating 3 Years of Policies and Reporting Performance on the European Clinical Trial Register’, Clinical Trials, 2022, 174077452110710 https://doi.org/10.1177/17407745211071015

Wieschowski, Susanne, Nico Riedel, Katharina Wollmann, Hannes Kahras , Stephanie Müller-Ohlraun, Christopher Schürmann, and others, ‘Result Dissemination from Clinical Trials Conducted at German University Medical Centers Was Delayed and Incomplete’, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 115 (2019), 37–45 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLINEPI.2019.06.002

UK Science and Technology Committee – Summary – Committees – UK Parliament https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/135/science-and-technology-committee/  [accessed 10 March 2022]

UK Science and Technology Committee  – Failing to Publish Data from Clinical Trials Presents Risk to Human Health – Committees – UK Parliament https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/135/science-and-technology-committee-commons/news/100871/failing-to-publish-data-from-clinical-trials-presents-risk-to-human-health/  [accessed 10 March 2022]

UK Science and Technology Committee  -Universities Lack of Transparency on Clinical Trials “deeply Disappointing’ – Committees – UK Parliament https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/135/science-and-technology-committee-commons/news/101057/universities-lack-of-transparency-on-clinical-trials-deeply-disappointing/  [accessed 10 March 2022]

UK Science and Technology Committee – Reproducibility and Research Integrity – Committees – UK Parliament https://committees.parliament.uk/work/1433/reproducibility-and-research-integrity/  [accessed 10 March 2022]

UK Science and Technology Committee – Parliamentlive.Tv   https://parliamentlive.tv/event/index/7a2dfe49-3cbe-49be-97ee-3d33183cab15  [accessed 10 March 2022]

Ausschuss für Bildung, Forschung und Technikfolgenabschätzung (ABFTA) – Deutscher Bundestag https://www.bundestag.de/ausschuesse/a18_bildung_forschung/technikfolgenabschaetzung  [accessed 10 March 2022]

 

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (45)

Behl, Christian, ‘Science Integrity Has Been Never More Important: It’s All about Trust’, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 122.7 (2021), 694–95 https://doi.org/10.1002/JCB.29906

Byrne, Jennifer A, Jana Christopher, J A Byrne, and J Christopher, ‘Digital Magic, or the Dark Arts of the 21st Century—How Can Journals and Peer Reviewers Detect Manuscripts and Publications from Paper Mills?’, FEBS Letters, 594.4 (2020), 583–89 https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.13747

Christopher, Jana, ‘The Raw Truth about Paper Mills’, FEBS Letters, 595.13 (2021), 1751–57 https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14143

Christopher, Jana, ‘The Raw Truth about Paper Mills’, FEBS Letters, 595.13 (2021), 1751–57 https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14143

Else, Holly, and Richard Van Noorden, ‘The Fight against Fake-Paper Factories That Churn out Sham Science’, Nature, 591.7851 (2021), 516–19 https://doi.org/10.1038/D41586-021-00733-5

Frederickson, Robert M., and Roland W. Herzog, ‘Keeping Them Honest: Fighting Fraud in Academic Publishing’, Molecular Therapy, 29.3 (2021), 889–90 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YMTHE.2021.02.011

Hackett, Rachel, and Steven Kelly, ‘Publishing Ethics in the Era of Paper Mills’, Biology Open, 9.10 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1242/BIO.056556

Heck, Stefanie, Franca Bianchini, Nicole Y. Souren, Corinna Wilhelm, Yvonne Ohl, and Christoph Plass, ‘Fake Data, Paper Mills, and Their Authors: The International Journal of Cancer Reacts to This Threat to Scientific Integrity’, International Journal of Cancer, 149.3 (2021), 492–93 https://doi.org/10.1002/IJC.33604

Lin, Songqing, ‘Why Serious Academic Fraud Occurs in China’, Learned Publishing, 26.1 (2013), 24–27 https://doi.org/10.1087/20130105

Miyakawa, Tsuyoshi, ‘No Raw Data, No Science: Another Possible Source of the Reproducibility Crisis’, Mol Brain, 13.1 (2020), 24 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-020-0552-2

Seifert, Roland, ‘How Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology Deals with Fraudulent Papers from Paper Mills’, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, 394.3 (2021), 431–36  https://doi.org/10.1007/S00210-021-02056-8/TABLES/1

Van Noorden, Richard, ‘Journals Adopt AI to Spot Duplicated Images in Manuscripts’, Nature, 601.7891 (2022), 14–15 https://doi.org/10.1038/D41586-021-03807-6

 

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (44)

‘Ich bin Hanna’ Backup des gelöschten BMBF Videos. YouTube. 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIq5GlY4h4E.

#IchbinHanna – Antwort des BMBF auf die Diskussion in den Sozialen Netzwerken https://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/shareddocs/kurzmeldungen/de/ichbinhanna.html

 

Gesetze:

Wissenschaftszeitvertragsgesetz. Gesetz zur Änderung arbeitsrechtlicher Vorschriften in der Wissenschaft. Bundesgesetzblatt. 2007, https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl107s0506.pdf#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl107s0506.pdf%27%5D__1640687622967

Novelle des Berliner Hochschulgesetzes 2021. BerlHg. 2021, https://gesetze.berlin.de/bsbe/document/jlr-HSchulGBE2011V27IVZ.

 

Medienecho:

#IchbinHanna in den “Faces of 2021.” Times Higher Education (THE), 2021, https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/faces-2021-who-shaped-higher-education-headlines-year.

Vogel, Gretchen. “Berlin Law Upends Postdoc Hiring.” Science, vol. 374, no. 6571, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Nov. 2021, p. 1037, https://www.science.org/content/article/controversial-berlin-law-gives-postdocs-pathway-permanent-jobs .

Tenure Track für alle nach der Promotion? Streit um Dauerstellen für Postdocs in Berlin https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/tenure-track-fuer-alle-nach-der-promotion-streit-um-dauerstellen-fuer-postdocs-in-berlin/27549238.html

#IchBinHanna: Wer gut betreut, schadet seiner Karriere  https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/arm-und-reich/ichbinhanna-aerger-ueber-arbeitsverhaeltnisse-in-der-wissenschaft-1764436

HU-Verfassungsrechtler: Neues Berliner Hochschulgesetz ist grundgesetzwidrig – Jan-Martin Wiarda https://www.jmwiarda.de/2021/11/01/hu-verfassungsrechtler-neues-berliner-hochschulgesetz-ist-grundgesetzwidrig/   

Sabine Kunst BERLINER HOCHSCHULGESETZ – EXZELLENZ IN GEFAHR : Warum ich als Präsidentin der Berliner Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin zurücktrete. https://www.zeit.de/2021/45/berliner-hochschulgesetz-sabine-kunst-humboldt-universitaet-bildungspolitik-wissenschaft

Jule Specht: BERLINER HOCHSCHULGESETZ: DIESE REFORM MACHT DIE UNI NOCH EXZELLENTER https://www.zeit.de/2021/46/berliner-hochschulgesetz-unbefristete-vertraege-wissenschaftlerinnen-sabine-kunst

Berliner Hochschulgesetz: Schluss mit #IchbinHanna. Eine wichtige Signalwirkung | ZEIT Campus https://www.zeit.de/campus/2021-09/berliner-hochschulgesetz-beschluss-arbeitsbedingungen-wissenschaft-verbesserung-berufsperspektiven-universitaeten-debatte/komplettansicht

Jan-Martin Wiarda : Wissenschaftlerkarrieren nach dem USB-Modell https://www.jmwiarda.de/2021/12/02/wissenschaftlerkarrieren-nach-dem-usb-modell/

Jan-Martin Wiarda ; Jetzt sind die Hochschulen dran  https://www.jmwiarda.de/2021/11/24/jetzt-sind-die-hochschulen-dran/

 

Petition:

Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft (GEW) Mehr unbefristete Stellen in der Wissenschaft – Online-Petition https://www.openpetition.de/petition/online/mehr-unbefristete-stellen-in-der-wissenschaft

 

Sonstiges:

Alberts, Bruce, et al. “Rescuing US Biomedical Research from Its Systemic Flaws.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 111, no. 16, 2014, pp. 5773–77, doi:10.1073/pnas.1404402111.

Azoulay, Pierre, et al. Funding Breakthrough Research: Promises and Challenges of the “ARPA Model.” June 2018, doi:10.3386/W24674.

Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The University of Chicago Press, 1962.

Koalitionsvertrag 2021-2025 https://www.spd.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Koalitionsvertrag/Koalitionsvertrag_2021-2025.pdf

Netzwerk für Gute Arbeit in der Wissenschaft – PERSONALMODELLE FÜR UNIVERSITÄTEN IN DEUTSCHLAND. ALTERNATIVEN ZUR PREKÄREN BESCHÄFTIGUNG https://mittelbau.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Personalmodelle_final.pdf

95 Theses against the WissZeitVG https://95vswisszeitvg.wordpress.com/95-theses-against-the-wisszeitvg/

 

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (43)

On initiatives:

Einstein Foundation Award for Improving Research Quality https://www.einsteinfoundation.de/en/award/

Reviewcommons. Independent peer review before journal submission https://www.reviewcommons.org/

ASAPbio: A scientist-driven non-profit promoting transparency and innovation in life science communication. https://asapbio.org/   

Sciety: the home of public preprint evaluation  https://sciety.org/

eLife https://elifesciences.org/. In biology publishing shakeup, eLife will require submissions to be posted as preprints | Science | AAAS

 

On preprints (general):

The 10,000-watt Bulb: How Preprints Shine a Light on Misconduct Guest Post – The 10,000-watt Bulb: How Preprints Shine a Light on Misconduct – The Scholarly Kitchen

Imposters and Impersonators in Preprints: How do we trust authors in Open Science?

https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2021/03/17/imposters-and-impersonators-in-preprints-how-do-we-trust-authors-in-open-science/?informz=1

Building trust in preprints: recommendations for servers and other stakeholders https://osf.io/8dn4w/

Peiperl, L., & Editors, on behalf of the P. M. (2018). Preprints in medical research: Progress and principles. PLoS Medicine, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PMED.1002563

 

On preprints and COVID:

How swamped preprint servers are blocking bad coronavirus research https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01394-6

The Rise of Preprints Is No Cause for Alarm.  https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/opinion-the-rise-of-preprints-is-no-cause-for-alarm-68667

Pivotal Year for Preprints. The pandemic has brought new public attention to non-peer-reviewed research, especially in medical fields. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2021/01/20/pandemic-brought-new-attention-preprints

Quick retraction of a faulty coronavirus paper was a good moment for science. https://www.statnews.com/2020/02/03/retraction-faulty-coronavirus-paper-good-moment-for-science/

Burrell, A. J. C., Neto, A. S., Trapani, T., Broadley, T., French, C., & Udy, A. A. (2021). Rapid Translation of COVID-19 Preprint Data into Critical Care Practice. Https://Doi.Org/10.1164/Rccm.202009-3661LE, 203(3), 368–371. https://doi.org/10.1164/RCCM.202009-3661LE

Fleerackers, A., Riedlinger, M., Moorhead, L., Ahmed, R., & Alperin, J. P. (2021). Communicating Scientific Uncertainty in an Age of COVID-19: An Investigation into the Use of Preprints by Digital Media Outlets. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1864892

Fraser, N., Brierley, L., Dey, G., Polka, J. K., Pálfy, M., Nanni, F., & Coates, J. A. (2021). The evolving role of preprints in the dissemination of COVID-19 research and their impact on the science communication landscape. PLOS Biology, 19(4), e3000959. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PBIO.3000959

Horby, P., Lim, W. S., Emberson, J., Mafham, M., Bell, J., Linsell, L., Staplin, N., Brightling, C., Ustianowski, A., Elmahi, E., Prudon, B., Green, C., Felton, T., Chadwick, D., Rege, K., Fegan, C., Chappell, L. C., Faust, S. N., Jaki, T., … Group, R. C. (2020). Effect of Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 – Preliminary Report. MedRxiv, 2020.06.22.20137273. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.22.20137273

Mehra, M. R., Ruschitzka, F., & Patel, A. N. (2020). Retraction—Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis. The Lancet, 395(10240), 1820. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31324-6

Mehra, M. R., Desai, S. S., Kuy, S., Henry, T. D., & Patel, A. N. (2020). Retraction: Cardiovascular Disease, Drug Therapy, and Mortality in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007621. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMC2021225

 

Other:

Rennie, D. (1986). Guarding the Guardians: A Conference on Editorial Peer Review. JAMA, 256(17), 2391–2392. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.1986.03380170107031

 

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Biogen’s Aduhelm sales fall dramatically below Wall Street’s expectations [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 21]. Available from: https://www.statnews.com/2021/10/20/biogens-aduhelm-sales-dramatically-below-wall-street-expectation/?utm_source=STAT+Newsletters&utm_campaign=9f80f61b3d-MR_COPY_16&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8cab1d7961-9f80f61b3d-149649313

Behl, C. (2017). Amyloid in Alzheimer’s Disease: Guilty Beyond Reasonable Doubt? Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 38(10), 849–851. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TIPS.2017.07.002

Behl, C., & Ziegler, C. (2017). Beyond Amyloid – Widening the View on Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Neurochemistry, 143(4), 394–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14137

Congress demands info from FDA about Alzheimer’s drug approval – STAT [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 21]. Available from: https://www.statnews.com/2021/09/02/congress-demands-documents-fda-biogens-alzheimers-drug/

Egan, K. J., Vesterinen, H. M., Beglopoulos, V., Sena, E. S., & Macleod, M. R. (2016). From a mouse: systematic analysis reveals limitations of experiments testing interventions in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models. Evidence-Based Preclinical Medicine, 3(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/EBM2.15

Egan, K., & Macleod, M. (2014). Two decades testing interventions in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease: designing and interpreting studies for clinical trial success. Clinical Investigation, 4(8), 693–704. https://doi.org/10.4155/cli.14.55

Herrup, K. (2015). The case for rejecting the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Nature Neuroscience 2015 18:6, 18(6), 794–799. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4017

How an Alzheimer’s ‘cabal’ thwarted progress toward a cure – STAT. (n.d.). Retrieved September 23, 2021, from https://www.statnews.com/2019/06/25/alzheimers-cabal-thwarted-progress-toward-cure/

Just How Worthless Are the Standard Alzheimer’s Models? | Science | AAAS. (n.d.). Retrieved September 23, 2021, from https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/just-worthless-standard-alzheimer-s-models

Liu, K. Y., & Howard, R. (2021). Can we learn lessons from the FDA’s approval of aducanumab? Nature Reviews Neurology 2021, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-021-00557-x

Living Evidence: Transgenic Animal Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. (n.d.). Retrieved September 27, 2021, from https://camarades.shinyapps.io/LivingEvidence_AD/

Panza F, Lozupone M, Logroscino G, Imbimbo BP. A critical appraisal of amyloid-β-targeting therapies for Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2018 152 [Internet]. 2019 Jan 4 [cited 2021 Oct 6];15(2):73–88. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-018-0116-6

Snowdon, D. A. (2003). Healthy Aging and Dementia: Findings from the Nun Study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139(5 II), 450–454. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_PART_2-200309021-00014

Winblad B, Amouyel P, Andrieu S, Ballard C, Brayne C, Brodaty H, et al. Defeating Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias: a priority for European science and society. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Apr 1;15(5):455–532. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474442216000624?via%3Dihub

 

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (41)

Anforderungen an die Qualitätssicherung der Promotion | Positionspapier (Drs. 1704-11), November 2011 https://www.wissenschaftsrat.de/download/archiv/1704-11.html

Kommt ein Doktor zum Arzt … Süddeutsche Zeitung 1.10.2015 https://www.sueddeutsche.de/bildung/qualitaet-medizinischer-promotionen-kommt-ein-doktor-zum-arzt-1.2673150

Promotionsordnung der Charite. Amtliches Mitteilungsblatt Nr.198, 1.11.2017 https://www.charite.de/fileadmin/user_upload/portal/charite/presse/publikationen/amtl-mitteilungsblatt/2017/AMB171101-198.pdf

Google search ‚Ghostwriter Medizinische Promotion’ https://www.google.com/search?q=ghostwriter+medizinische+doktorarbeit&rlz=1C1ONGR_deDE950DE950&oq=ghostwriter+medi&aqs=chrome.2.0i512j69i57j0i512j0i22i30l6j0i10i22i30.11603j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

 

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Wehr M. Flucht vor der Scheinmoral. FAZ 17.1.2020 https://edition.faz.net/faz-edition/feuilleton/2020-01-17/15a47d095b3c2d91081a42b04164d026/?GEPC=s5

Zhang B, Ma S, Rachmin I, He M, Baral P, Choi S, Gonçalves WA, Shwartz Y, Fast EM, Su Y, Zon LI, Regev A, Buenrostro JD, Cunha TM, Chiu IM, Fisher DE, Hsu YC. Hyperactivation of sympathetic nerves drives depletion of melanocyte stem cells.  Nature. 2020 Jan 22. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-1935-3

Baier T. Vor Stress ergraut. Süddeutsche Zeitung 23.1.2020 sueddeutsche.de/wissen/graue-haare-stress-1.4767023?reduced=true

Sheikh K. Stress Really Does Make Hair Go Gray FasterStress Really Does Make Hair Go Gray Faster New York Times 22.1.2020 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/science/gray-hair-stress.html

BBC News. Scientists discover ‘why stress turns hair white’ BBC 22.1.2020 https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51208972

Loss SR, Will T, Marra PP. The impact of free-ranging domestic cats on wildlife of the United States. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1396. https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms2380

Wieschowski S, Biernot S, Deutsch S, Glage S, Bleich A, Tolba R, Strech D. Publication rates in animal research. Extent and characteristics of published and non-published animal studies followed up at two German university medical centres. PLoS One. 2019 Nov 26;14(11):e0223758. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223758

Strech D, Dirnagl U. 3Rs missing: animal research without scientific value is unethical. BMJ Open Science 2019;3:e000035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjos-2018-000048

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (26):

GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018 Nov 10;392(10159):1923-1994. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6. Epub 2018 Nov 8.

MEDIZIN DER ZUKUNFT. Gene als Arznei – Neue Therapien revolutionieren die Medizin. Handelsblatt 23.7.2019 https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/medizin-der-zukunft-gene-als-arznei-neue-therapien-revolutionieren-die-medizin-/24686372.html?ticket=ST-1896810-FvJBe7kNtVsAnaOCBUfc-ap2

DIGITALISIERUNG UND GESUNDHEIT Die Medizin der Zukunft – Wie uns KI vor Krebs und Herzinfarkt schützt. Handelsblatt 1.2.2019 https://www.handelsblatt.com/technik/medizin/digitalisierung-und-gesundheit-die-medizin-der-zukunft-wie-uns-ki-vor-krebs-und-herzinfarkt-schuetzt/23919382.html

Vermeidbare Sterbefälle im Jahr 2013. eurostat Pressemitteilung 101/2016 – 24. Mai 2016 http://bit.ly/2tcyx77

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (25):

Joe Jackson. Everything gives you cancer. On the LP: Night and Day 1982  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EM2MGN_w4sU

Schoenfeld JD, Ioannidis JP. Is everything we eat associated with cancer? A systematic cookbook review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Jan;97(1):127-34. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.047142. Epub 2012 Nov 28. https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-lookup/doi/10.3945/ajcn.112.047142

Resnick B and Belluz J. A top Cornell food researcher has had 15 studies retracted. That’s a lot. Brian Wansink is a cautionary tale in bad incentives in science. https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/9/19/17879102/brian-wansink-cornell-food-brand-lab-retractions-jama

Boytchev B. Ist der Konsum von Fleisch nun ungesund oder nicht? Die Studien widersprechen sich. Anhänger beider Auslegungen streiten vehement. Was stimmt wirklich? Neue Züricher Zeitung am Sonntag 12.10.2019 https://nzzas.nzz.ch/wissen/rotes-fleisch-krebserregend-oder-nicht-ld.1514819

Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, etal. PREDIMED Study Investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet [retracted]. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1279-90. 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303 23432189 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1200303

Zeraatkar D, Johnston BC, Bartoszko J, Cheung K, Bala MM, Valli C, Rabassa M, Sit D, Milio K, Sadeghirad B, Agarwal A, Zea AM, Lee Y, Han MA, Vernooij RWM, Alonso-Coello P, Guyatt GH, El Dib R. Effect of Lower Versus Higher Red Meat Intake on Cardiometabolic and Cancer Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Oct 1. doi: 10.7326/M19-0622. [Epub ahead of print] https://www.annals.org/aim/fullarticle/doi/10.7326/M19-0622

Valli C, Rabassa M, Johnston BC, Kuijpers R, Prokop-Dorner A, Zajac J, Storman D, Storman M, Bala MM, Solà I, Zeraatkar D, Han MA, Vernooij RWM, Guyatt GH, Alonso-Coello P; NutriRECS Working Group. Health-Related Values and Preferences Regarding Meat Consumption: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Oct 1. doi: 10.7326/M19-1326. [Epub ahead of print] https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2752323/health-related-values-preferences-regarding-meat-consumption-mixed-methods-systematic

Vernooij RWM, Zeraatkar D, Han MA, El Dib R, Zworth M, Milio K, Sit D, Lee Y, Gomaa H, Valli C, Swierz MJ, Chang Y, Hanna SE, Brauer PM, Sievenpiper J, de Souza R, Alonso-Coello P, Bala MM, Guyatt GH, Johnston BC. Patterns of Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk for Cardiometabolic and Cancer Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Oct 1. doi: 10.7326/M19-1583. [Epub ahead of print] https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2752327/patterns-red-processed-meat-consumption-risk-cardiometabolic-cancer-outcomes-systematic

Kolata G. Eat Less Red Meat, Scientists Said. Now Some Believe That Was Bad Advice.New York Times, 30.9.2019 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/health/red-meat-heart-cancer.html

Schwingshackl L, Schwedhelm C, Hoffmann G, et al. et al. Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality:a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;105(6): 1462-1473.

Poole R, Kennedy OJ, Roderick P, et al. Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes. BMJ. 2017;359:j5024.

Wightman E. The ‘French paradox’ turned out to be an illusion, but it led to some interesting research. The Conversation. 2017 https://theconversation.com/the-french-paradox-turned-out-to-be-an-illusion-but-it-led-to-some-interesting-research-78196

Berres I. Moderater Alkoholkonsum: Die Mär vom gesunden Gläschen. Spiegel Online https://www.spiegel.de/gesundheit/diagnose/alkohol-und-gesundheit-die-maer-vom-gesunden-glas-rotwein-a-1017662.html

Even one drink a day increases stroke risk, study finds. BBC News 2019 https://www.bbc.com/news/health-47817650

Millwood IY, Walters RG, Mei XW, Guo Y, Yang L, Bian Z, Bennett DA, Chen Y, Dong C, Hu R, Zhou G, Yu B, Jia W, Parish S, Clarke R, Davey Smith G, Collins R, Holmes MV, Li L, Peto R, Chen Z; China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group. Conventional and genetic evidence on alcohol and vascular disease aetiology: a prospective study of 500 000 men and women in China. Lancet. 2019 May 4;393(10183):1831-1842. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31772-0/fulltext

Knott CS, Coombs N, Stamatakis E, Biddulph JP. All cause mortality and the case for age specific alcohol consumption guidelines: pooled analyses of up to 10 population based cohorts.  BMJ. 2015 Feb 10;350:h384. https://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h384.long

Gesundheit in Deutschland. Robert Koch Institut 2015 https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Gesundheitsmonitoring/Gesundheitsberichterstattung/GesInDtld/GesInDtld_node.html

A ride along Chicago’s red line. The Economist Oct 10, 2019 https://www.economist.com/united-states/2019/10/10/a-ride-along-chicagos-red-line

Ioannidis JPA, Trepanowski JF. Disclosures in Nutrition Research: Why It Is Different. JAMA. 2018 Feb 13;319(6):547-548. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2666008

Ioannidis JPA. The Challenge of Reforming Nutritional Epidemiologic Research. JAMA. 2018 Sep 11;320(10):969-970. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.11025. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2698337

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (24):

Becker, M. Wissenschaft im Gegenwind. https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Wissenschaft-im-Gegenwind-4517042.html

Becker M. Wer hat uns die Fakten geklaut. https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Wer-hat-uns-die-Fakten-geklaut-4532552.html

Mertonian Norms (Wikipedia) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertonian_norms

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (23):

Mein Editorial zum Thema:

Dirnagl U. The p value wars (again). Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019 Aug 3. doi: 10.1007/s00259-019-04467-5. [Epub ahead of print] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00259-019-04467-5

Weg mit dem p-Wert:

Anjana, A. Scientists strike back against statistical tyranny | Financial Times. Financial Times (2019). https://www.ft.com/content/36f9374c-5075-11e9-8f44-fe4a86c48b33

Amrhein, V., Greenland, S. & McShane, B. Scientists rise up against statistical significance. Nature 567, 305–307 (2019). https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00857-9

Benjamin, D. J. et al. Redefine statistical significance. Nat. Hum. Behav. 2, 6–10 (2018). https://imai.fas.harvard.edu/research/files/significance.pdf

Amrhein, V. & Greenland, S. Remove, rather than redefine, statistical significance. Nat. Hum. Behav. 2, 4 (2018).  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320021624_Remove_rather_than_redefine_statistical_significance

Der Klassiker:

Ioannidis, J. P. A. Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med. 2, 0696–0701 (2005). https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124

Und Ioannidis‘ Kommentar zur aktuellen statistical Diskussion

Ioannidis, J. P. A. Retiring significance would give bias a free pass. Nature 567, 461–461 (2019). https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00969-2

Der tote Lachs im Kernspin:

Winners of the Ig® Nobel Prize. Improbable research Available at: https://www.improbable.com/ig/winners/#ig2012. (Accessed: 17th July 2019)

Bennett, C. M., Baird, A. a, Miller, M. B. & Wolford, G. L. Neural Correlates of Interspecies Perspective Taking in the Post-Mortem Atlantic Salmon: An Argument For Proper Multiple Comparisons Correction. J. Serendipitous Unexpected Results 1, 1–5 (2011). https://teenspecies.github.io/pdfs/NeuralCorrelates.pdf

Alles schon mal dagewesen:

Nickerson, R. S. Null hypothesis significance testing: A review of an old and continuing controversy. Psychol. Methods 5, 241–301 (2000). https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8c5e/0e6f85b9dc15ecf23d43a49404925c4c41bf.pdf

Die Empfehlungen der Statistiker:

Wasserstein, R. L., Schirm, A. L. & Lazar, N. A. Moving to a World Beyond ‘p<0.05’. Am. Stat. 73, 1–19 (2019). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2019.1583913

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (22):

Elon Musk’s Neurolink Präsentation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lA77zsJ31nA

Elon Musk. An integrated brain machine interface platform with thousands of channels. BioRxiv 2019 doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/703801

Ari N. Schulman. Why Minds Are Not Like Computers  https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/why-minds-are-not-like-computers

Ed Yong. The Human Brain Project Hasn’t Lived Up to Its Promise https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/07/ten-years-human-brain-project-simulation-markram-ted-talk/594493/

Robert Epstein. The empty brain https://aeon.co/essays/your-brain-does-not-process-information-and-it-is-not-a-computer

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (21):

Vrselja et al. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1099-1;  feature https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01216-4

KA Hossmann and K Sato http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4908037 showed in 1970 (quote 19 of the Nature paper!) that cat brains recover an EEG and evoked potentials after up to 1 hour complete arrest of blood circulation. This article was followed by an exchange of letters on ‘Criteria of brain death’, and Hossmann concluded :‘ This suggests that even prolonged electrocerebral silence does not prove the irreversible loss of neuronal function’ https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/170/3961/1000.1.full.pdf.

Circulatory arrests of up to 20 minutes are documented (silent EEG!) in which patients recovered after resuscitation, possibly with slight neuropsychological deficits (mostly memory deficits, see below, as a result ofdelayed neuronal cell death, this was shown by neuropathologists in the 80s and 90s, see Petito et al. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3614648).

A recent expample of an isolated perfused brain preparation: Breschi et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03356.x.

‘Delayed neuronal vulnerability’ (and by older neuropathologists ‘maturation phenomenon’) was described by Ito, Klatzo and others https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1180003.

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (20):

Inspiriert wurde mein Beitrag von Anne Scheels sehr gutem Blogpost ‚Why we should love null results‘ http://www.the100.ci/2017/06/01/why-we-should-love-null-results/

Hilfestellung beim Publizieren von NULL-Resultaten finden Sie bei FIDDLE – File Drawer Data Liberation Effort. Where and how to publish null / neutral results? http://s-quest.bihealth.org/fiddle/

Leider nur an Charité und Max Delbrück Center: Der 1.000 € QUEST-Preis für NULL-Ergebnisse und Replikationsstudien. Veröffentlichen Sie Ihr NULL-Ergebnis – Kämpfen Sie gegen das negative Publikations-Vorurteil an! Veröffentlichen Sie Ihre Replikationsstudien – Kämpfen Sie gegen die Replikationskrise an! https://www.bihealth.org/de/forschung/quest-center/initiativen/

DORA Blog zur  Charité Rekrutierungspraxis für Professuren https://sfdora.org/2018/07/06/simple-questions-big-insights-charite-uses-bio-sketch-questions-to-recruit-faculty/

Marcus Munafò, Jo Neill. Null is beautiful: On the importance of publishing null results. Journal of Psychopharmacology: 2016, 30 page(s): 585-585 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0269881116638813

Chris A. Mack. In Praise of the Null Result.  J. of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS, 13(3), 030101 (2014). https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-MicroNanolithography-MEMS-and-MOEMS/volume-13/issue-03/030101/In-Praise-of-the-Null-Result/10.1117/1.JMM.13.3.030101.full?SSO=1

Ulrich Dirnagl ‚Wie originell sind eigentlich Ihre Hypothesen‘ Laborjournal 4/2017, p.24-25 https://dirnagl.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/einsichten-eines-wissenschaftsnarren-1-lj_17_04.pdf

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (19):

Volkswagen Experiment! 

Dorothy Bishop’s blog regarding VW-Funding Lottery 

More literature on research funding lotteries:

Avin S. Policy Considerations for Random Allocation of Research Funds.  RT. A Journal on Research Policy & Evaluation 1 (2018) Submitted on 23 June 2017, accepted on 21 September 2017, published on 1 March 2018

Avin S. Funding Science by Lottery. 2015 In: Mäki U., Votsis I., Ruphy S., Schurz G. (eds) Recent Developments in the Philosophy of Science: EPSA13 Helsinki. European Studies in Philosophy of Science, vol 1. Springer, Cham.

Avin S. Centralised Funding and Epistemic Exploration. Penultimate draft. Final draft forthcoming in The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science (BJPS).

Egger M. Random selection for science funding: not such a crazy idea. 2018. Horizons 

Fang FC, Casadevall A. 2016. Research funding: the case for a modified lottery. mBio 7(2):e00422-16.

Firpo T,  Smith L.  A random approach to innovation. 2018. NESTA  

Klaus B, del Alamo D. Talent Identification at the limits of Peer Review: an analysis of the EMBO Postdoctoral Fellowships Selection Process BioRxiv. 2018

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (18):

Link zur BMBF Ausschreibung: Richtlinie zur Förderung von konfirmatorischen präklinischen Studien – Qualität in der Gesundheitsforschung – Bundesanzeiger vom: 27.12.2018 Abgabetermin: 28.03.2019 Die Texte sowie weitere Unterlagen und Links finden Sie hier: https://www.gesundheitsforschung-bmbf.de/de/8344.php

Munafò MR, Davey Smith G. Robust research needs many lines of evidence. Nature. 2018 Jan 25;553(7689):399-401.

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (17):

Carmen M. Reinhart & Kenneth S. Rogoff, 2010. “Growth in a Time of Debt,” American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 100(2), pages 573-78 https://www.nber.org/papers/w15639

Dirnagl U, Przesdzing I, Kurreck C, Major S. A Laboratory Critical Incident and Error Reporting System for Experimental Biomedicine.PLoS Biol. 2016 Dec 1;14(12):e2000705. https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000705

Dirnagl U, Bernard R. Errors and error management in biomedical research. In: How Could This Happen? Managing Errors in Organizations, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham (978-3-319-76403-0). https://zenodo.org/record/1406922#.XC5QQVxKjZt

Methodischer Leitfaden Morbiditäts- und Mortalitätskonferenzen (M & MK) der Bundesärztekammer https://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/pdf-Ordner/QS/M_Mk.pdf

Bsp. aus retractionwatch.com aus der Kategorie „doing the right thing“ , also einer ‚gut gemachten‘ Retraktion wegen honest error https://retractionwatch.com/2013/10/10/ronald-science/

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (16):

Halkjær SI, Christensen AH, Lo BZS, Browne PD, Günther S, Hansen LH, Petersen AM. Faecal microbiota transplantation alters gut microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: results from a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Gut. 2018 Jul 6. pii: gutjnl-2018-316434. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316434.

Overselling the microbiome in The Tree of Life. Blog of Jonathan A. Eisen, Professor at U.C. Davis. https://phylogenomics.blogspot.com/search/label/overselling%20the%20microbiome

Guyenet S. Microbiota and obesity: Is it all hype? http://www.stephanguyenet.com/microbiota-and-obesity-is-it-all-hype/

Valencia PM, Richard M, Brock J, Boglioli E. The human microbiome: opportunity or hype? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017 Dec;16(12):823-824. doi: 10.1038/nrd.2017.154. Epub 2017 Sep 15.

100 Years Later: The Lone German Soldier Whose Poop Fights on https://ubiome.com/blog/post/100-years-later-lone-german-soldier-whose-poop-fights/

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (15):

Robin Hanson (1995) Could gambling save science? Encouraging an honest consensus, Social Epistemology: A Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Policy, 9:1, 3-33, DOI: 10.1080/02691729508578768 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02691729508578768

Michael Thicke (2017) Prediction Markets for Science: Is the Cure Worse than the Disease?, Social Epistemology, 31:5, 451-467, DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2017.1346720  https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2017.1346720

Dreber A, Pfeiffer T, Almenberg J, Isaksson S, Wilson B, Chen Y, Nosek BA, Johannesson M. (2015) Using prediction markets to estimate the reproducibility of scientific research.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Dec 15;112(50):15343-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1516179112. Epub 2015 Nov 9

Munafo MR, Pfeiffer T, Altmejd A, Heikensten E, Almenberg J, Bird A, Chen Y, Wilson B, Johannesson M, Dreber A. (2015) Using prediction markets to forecast research evaluations. R Soc Open Sci. Oct 28;2(10):150287. doi: 10.1098/rsos.150287. eCollection 2015 Oct. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4632515/

Colin F. Camerer, Anna Dreber, Felix Holzmeister, Teck-Hua Ho, Jürgen Huber, Magnus Johannesson, Michael Kirchler, Gideon Nave, Brian A. Nosek, Thomas Pfeiffer, Adam Altmejd, Nick Buttrick, Taizan Chan, Yiling Chen, Eskil Forsell, Anup Gampa, Emma Heikensten, Lily Hummer, Taisuke Imai, Siri Isaksson, Dylan Manfredi, Julia Rose, Eric-Jan Wagenmakers & Hang Wu. (2018) Evaluating the replicability of social science experiments in Nature and Science between 2010 and 2015. Nature Human Behaviourvolume 2, pages 637–644  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-018-0399-z

Übrigens ähnelt der vom Wissenschaftsnarren zitierte Artikel von Robin Hanson, in dem er Prediction markets für die Konsensusfindung in der Forschung vorschlägt, in seiner Anlage, Radikaliät und Innovation dem des mysteriösen Blockchain-Erfinder Satoshi Nakamoto. Dieser hatte in seinem legendären Artikel ausgehend von einer Kritik gängiger Zahlungsysteme ein digitales Währungsprinzip vorgeschlagen, welches nicht nur Spekulanten angelockt hat, sondern mittlerweile in einer Vielzahl von Anwendungen eingesetzt wird, bei denen es um distribuierte Buchführung geht.

Nakamoto, S (2012) Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.encryption.general/12588/

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (14):

Yarborough M, Bredenoord A, D’Abramo F, Joyce NC, Kimmelman J, Ogbogu U, Sena E, Strech D, Dirnagl U. The bench is closer to the bedside than we think: Uncovering the ethical ties between preclinical researchers in translational neuroscience and patients in clinical trials. PLoS Biol. 2018 Jun 6;16(6):e2006343. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006343.

.Yarborough M, Dirnagl U. Preclinical research: Meet patients to sharpen up research. Nature. 2017 Nov 16;551(7680):300. doi: 10.1038/d41586-017-06024-2.

New York Times Published: April 6, 2009, Radiologist Adds a Human Touch. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2009/04/07/health/07pati.html

Turner Y, Hadas-Halpern I. The effects of including a patient’s photograph to the radiographic examination. Presented at: Radiological Society of North America Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting; Oak Brook, Illinois; 2008.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266118955_The_Effects_of_Including_a_Patient’s_Photograph_to_the_Radiographic_Examination

Ryan J, Khanda GE, Hibbert R, Duigenan S, Tunis A, Fasih N1, MacDonald B, El-Khoudary M, Kielar A, McInnes M, Virmani V, Ramamurthy N, Kolenko N, Sheikh A. Is a picture worth a thousand words? The effect of viewing patient photographs on radiologist interpretation of CT studies. J Am Coll Radiol. 2015 Jan;12(1):104-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2014.09.028.

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (13):

Dirnagl U. Räuberische Fachverlage: Veröffentlichen um jeden Preis – Gastbeitrag im Tagesspiegel, 21.7.2018

Leininger A. Storm in a teacup: predatory journals are irrelevant http://elephantinthelab.org/storm-in-a-teacup-predatory-journals-are-irrelevant/

Nellen W. Der „Fake Science-Skandal“ – eine Meinung! https://www.laborjournal.de/blog/?p=9840

Pössel M. Abzock-Zeitschriften, Datenauswertung Teil 1: Methoden, Ländervergleich, Gesamtzahl. https://scilogs.spektrum.de/relativ-einfach/abzock-zeitschriften-den-daten-auf-der-spur/

Björn Brembs‘ kritische Analyse der gegenwärtigen OA Initiativen: http://bjoern.brembs.net/2017/03/please-address-these-concerns-before-we-can-accept-your-oa-proposal/

Björn Brembs warnt, dass der Königsweg des OA (‚Goldener OA‘) mehr Probleme verursachen könnte, als er löst: http://bjoern.brembs.net/2016/04/how-gold-open-access-may-make-things-worse/

SCI-HUB: legal – iIlegal – scheissegal. Über 40 Millionen Artikel zum Download.  Radikal illegaler Open Access.  https://dirnagl.com/?s=sci-hub

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (12):

Norris D, Dirnagl U, Zigmond MJ, Thompson-Peer K, Chow TT. Health tips for research groups. Nature. 2018 May;557(7705):302-304. doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05146-5

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (11):

Fanelli D. Is science really facing a reproducibility crisis, and do we need it to? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115:2628-2631

Fisher, R. A. (1935). The design of experiments. Oliver & Boyd Oxford

Kuhn TS. (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press.

Popper, K. (1935) Logik der Forschung. Springer Berlin

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (10):

Gelman A and Loken E (2013) The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no  “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/unpublished/p_hacking.pdf

Gelman A and Loken E (2014) The statistical crisis in science. American Scientist 102:460-465

de Groot AD (1956) The meaning of “significance” for different types of research [translated and annotated by Eric-Jan Wagenmakers, Denny Borsboom, Josine Verhagen, Rogier Kievit, Marjan Bakker, Angelique Cramer, Dora Matzke, Don Mellenbergh, and Han L. J. van der Maas]. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2014 May;148:188-94. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.02.001. Epub 2014 Mar 3. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691814000304?via%3Dihub

Yogi Berra: When you come to a fork in the road, take it! https://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/07/25/fork-road/

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Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (9):

Researchers were disappointed when a clinical trial of a new tuberculosis vaccine failed to show benefit, but should it have gone ahead when animal studies had already raised doubts and what does it mean for future research? Deborah Cohen investigates:

Cohen D. Oxford vaccine study highlights pick and mix approach to preclinical research. BMJ. 2018 Jan 10;360:j5845. http://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.j5845.long

We must review how we use animal data to underpin clinical trials in humans:

Macleod M. Learning lessons from MVA85A, a failed booster vaccine for BCG. BMJ. 2018 Jan 10;360:k66. http://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.k66.long

Responsible bodies should demand high quality reporting and systematic reviews of animal studies:

Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Wever K.Improving the conduct, reporting, and appraisal of animal research. BMJ. 2018 Jan 10;360:j4935. http://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.j4935.long

A systematic review of the animal data does not provide evidence to support efficacy of MVA85A as a BCG booster:

Kashangura R, Sena ES, Young T, Garner P. Effects of MVA85A vaccine on tuberculosis challenge in animals: systematic review. Int J Epidemiol. 2015 Dec;44(6):1970-81.  https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/44/6/1970/2572503

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (8):

As always, David Colquhoun brilliantly summarizes the issue in his blog DC’s Improbable Science:

Colquhoun D. Placebo effects are weak: regression to the mean is the main reason ineffective treatments appear to work. http://www.dcscience.net/2015/12/11/placebo-effects-are-weak-regression-to-the-mean-is-the-main-reason-ineffective-treatments-appear-to-work/

Highly recommended. Stephen Senn tackles the issue with a historical excursion, and a bit more serious statistics. Contains references to full statistical treatments of regression to the mean:

Senn S (2011)  Francis Galton and regression to the mean. Significance 8:124-126 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2011.00509.x/full

When the first large Cochrane review was published, concluding that there is little evidence to support the existence of the placebo effect, the New England Journal ran this very readable editorial:

Bailar JC (2001) The Powerful Placebo and the Wizard of Oz. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1630-1632 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200105243442111

Most recent Cochrane review on placebo interventions:

Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC (2010)  Placebo interventions for all clinical conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD003974. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003974.pub3

This narrative review present the classic view on placebo effects. The authors use only one citation (to another narrative review by the same authors) to claim the existence of the placebo effect:

 ‘ Moreover, recent clinical research into placebo effects has provided compelling evidence that these effects are genuine biopsychosocial phenomena that represent more than simply spontaneous remission, normal symptom fluctuations, and regression to the mean. “

It would have been nice to see reference to evidence from original studies or systematic reviews.

Kaptchuk TJ, Miller FG (2015) Placebo Effects in Medicine. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:8-9July 2, 2015 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1504023#t=article

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (7):

OPERA collaboration, T. Adam et al., Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam, arXiv:1109.4897v2.

Daniel J. Benjamin et al. Redefine statistical significance. Nat Hum Behav Published 1: 0189. DOI: 10.1038/s41562-017-0189-z

Valentin Amrhein, Sander Greenland. Remove, rather than redefine, statistical significance Nat human behaviour Nature Human Behaviour. 1: 0224. doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0224-0

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (6):

Yong, E. The Absurdity of the Nobel Prizes in Science – The Atlantic

Knorr-Cetina, Karin D.: Epistemic Cultures – How the Sciences Make Knowledge. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (5): 

Kimmelman J, Mogil JS, Dirnagl U. Distinguishing between exploratory and confirmatory preclinical research will improve translation. PLoS Biol. 2014 May 20;12(5):e1001863. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001863. eCollection 2014 May. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001863

Mogil JS, Macleod MR. No publication without confirmation. Nature. 2017 Feb 22;542(7642):409-11. doi: 10.1038/542409a. PMID: 28230138; https://www.nature.com/news/no-publication-without-confirmation-1.21509

Bazerman,  Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science: Genre and Activity of Experimental Article in Science, University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. https://wac.colostate.edu/books/bazerman_shaping/shaping.pdf

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (4): Exzellenztheater: Zeit für einen Wechsel im Spielplan?

Der Titel sagt eigentlich alles: Fang, Ferric C., Anthony Bowen, and Arturo Casadevall. 2016. “NIH Peer Review Percentile Scores Are Poorly Predictive of Grant Productivity.” eLife 5 (February). doi: 10.7554/eLife.13323 . https://elifesciences.org/articles/13323

Ein Klassiker der Wissenschaftsgeschichte und -theorie. Nach TS Kuhn schreitet die Evolution von Wissen fort durch „normal science“, unterbrochen durch ‚Paradigmenwechsel‘ (da kommt auch der Begriff her): Kuhn TS. The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press. 1962 (50th anniversary edition 2012)

Richard Münch’s 500 seitiger Frontalangriff auf Exzellenzinitiative, DFG, usw. Nichts für schwache Nerven: Münch, R. Die akademische Elite: Zur sozialen Konstruktion wissenschaftlicher Exzellenz (edition suhrkamp 2510). Frankfurt am Main 2007

Eine fundierte Abrechnung mit dem Begriff ‚Excellence‘, vor dem Hintergrund der englischen REF: Stilgoe, Jack. 2014. “Against Excellence.” The Guardian , December 19. https://www.theguardian.com/science/political-science/2014/dec/19/against-excellence

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (3): Werden Sie Forschungsförderer!

Diese beiden Arbeiten beschreiben das System in allen Einzelheiten:

Bollen J, Crandall D, Junk D, Ding Y, Börner K. From funding agencies to scientific agency: Collective allocation of science funding as an alternative to peer review. EMBO Rep. 2014 Feb;15(2):131-3. http://embor.embopress.org/content/15/2/131

Diese Arbeit ‘erprobt’ das System zudem in einer Simulation: Bollen, J., Crandall, D., Junk, D. et al. An efficient system to fund science: from proposal review to peer-to-peer distributions Scientometrics (2017) 110: 521. doi:10.1007/s11192-016-2110-3  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11192-016-2110-3

Das schreibt Retraction Watch zum peer funding: https://www.evernote.com/shard/s21/nl/2303872/2592c704-d95b-41b6-aba9-00b4565aeab6/ ..

… und dies Science: http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/04/new-system-scientists-never-have-write-grant-application-again

Und dies kam eben rein (19.9.2017)

How much would each researcher receive if competitive government research funding were distributed equally among researchers?

‘According to our results, researchers could, on average, maintain current PhD student and Postdoc employment levels, and still have at their disposal a moderate (the U.K.) to considerable (the Netherlands, U.S.) budget for travel and equipment. This suggests that the worry that egalitarian sharing leads to unacceptable dilution of resources is unjustified. Indeed, our results strongly suggest that there is room for far more egalitarian distribution of funds than happens in the highly competitive funding schemes so prevalent today.’

PLoS ONE 12(9): e0183967. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183967

Weitere interessante Arbeiten:

NIH Funding für den Mainstream, innovative Arbeiten werden nicht oder woanders gefördert:

Nicholson JM, Ioannidis JP. Research grants: Conform and be funded. Nature. 2012 Dec 6;492(7427):34-6. https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v492/n7427/full/492034a.html

‘Peer review of grant proposals, far from being a reasonable way of ensuring quality by the allocation of funds, is a near disaster.’: Horrobin DF. Peer review of grant applications: a harbinger for mediocrity in clinical research? Lancet. 1996 Nov 9;348(9037):1293-5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673696080294

Nicholson, J. M. (2012), Collegiality and careerism trump critical questions and bold new ideas: A student’s perspective and solution. Bioessays, 34: 448–450. doi:10.1002/bies.201200001 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.201200001/epdf

Von historischem Interesse: Ein Faksimile von Otto Warburgs ‘Forschungsantrag’ bei der Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (1921). Das waren noch Zeiten! https://dirnagl.com/?s=warburg

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (2): Zu Risiken und Nebenwirkungen fragen Sie Ihren Bibliothekar

Ein wunderbarer Vergleich zwischen der ineffizienten Weise, in der wir heute wissenschaftliche Resultate veröffentlichen, und was alles möglich wäre, wenn wir die Möglichkeiten es besser zu machen, nutzen würden (von Romain Brette) : A vision of the post-journal world. http://romainbrette.fr/a-vision-of-the-post-journal-world/

Gleich nochmal Romain Brette, mit einfachen Schritten wie in diese wunderbare Welt kommen: http://romainbrette.fr/my-new-year-resolution-to-help-move-science-to-the-post-journal-world/

Björn Brembs  gibt Tips was man tun kann, wenn man den Zugang zu Journalen verloren hat. Weil die Subskription gekündigt wurde, oder man auf der falschen Seite des Paywalls sitzt. Alles halb so wild…: http://bjoern.brembs.net/2016/12/so-your-institute-went-cold-turkey-on-publisher-x-what-now/

Björn Brembs rät, alle Journalsubskriptionen zu kündigen: http://bjoern.brembs.net/2016/05/why-havent-we-already-canceled-all-subscriptions/

Björn Brembs‘ kritische Analyse der gegenwärtigen OA Initiativen: http://bjoern.brembs.net/2017/03/please-address-these-concerns-before-we-can-accept-your-oa-proposal/

Björn Brembs warnt, dass der Königsweg des OA (‚Goldener OA‘) mehr Probleme verursachen könnte, als er löst: http://bjoern.brembs.net/2016/04/how-gold-open-access-may-make-things-worse/

Und jetzt auch das noch: Björn Brembs, Deutschland’s prominentester Open Science Aktivist kündigt frustiert seinen Rückzug an: http://bjoern.brembs.net/2017/02/open-science-too-much-talk-too-little-action/

SCI-HUB: legal – iIlegal – scheissegal. Über 40 Millionen Artikel zum Download.  Radikal illegaler Open Access.  https://dirnagl.com/?s=sci-hub

Oder nicht ganz so umfänglich, dafür legal, und sehr bequem mit Browser Extention: ‚Skip the paywall‘  Get full-text of research papers as you browse, using Unpaywall’s index of ten million legal, open-access articles.  http://unpaywall.org/

The Costs of Flipping our Dollars to Gold. Interview about the Pay It Forward report. The first comprehensive analysis of how a decisive push to Gold OA would impact the cost of publication for major North American research institutions. https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2016/08/24/the-costs-of-flipping-our-dollars-to-gold/

Elsevierleaks: Leaked Elsevier contract reveals pushback: http://scienceguide.nl/201703/leaked-elsevier-contract-reveals-pushback.aspx

Thomson-Reuters verkauft den Impact Factor an Venture Kapitalisten: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/thomson-reuters-announces-definitive-agreement-to-sell-its-intellectual-property-science-business-to-onex-and-baring-asia-for-355-billion-2016-07-11

PIPredictor – Predict your probability to become a Principal Investigator (PI) http://pipredictor.com

Berliner Erklärung zu Open Access. 60% bis 2020!: https://openaccess.mpg.de/Berliner-Erklaerung

Das BMBF zu OA: https://www.bmbf.de/de/open-access-das-urheberrecht-muss-der-wissenschaft-dienen-846.html

Missbrauch der Marktmacht. TAZ Artikel zum DEAL Konsortium und Elsevier: http://www.taz.de/!5370972/

Auch lesenswert:

Brembs B, Button K, Munafò M. Deep impact: unintended consequences of journal rank. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013 Jun 24;7:291. http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00291/full

Kriegeskorte N, Walther A, Deca D. An emerging consensus for open evaluation: 18 visions for the future of scientific publishing. Front Comput Neurosci. 2012 Nov 15;6:94. http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncom.2012.00094/full

Khan R, Goodman L, Mittelman D. Dragging scientific publishing into the 21st century. Genome Biol. 2014 Dec 11;15(12):556. https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-014-0556-2

Einsichten eines Wissenschaftsnarren (1): Wie originell sind eigentlich Ihre wissenschaftlichen Hypothesen?

Baker M. 1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility. Nature. 2016 May 26;533(7604):452-4. doi: 10.1038/533452a

Button KS, Ioannidis JP, Mokrysz C, Nosek BA, Flint J, Robinson ES, Munafò MR. Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013 May;14(5):365-76. doi: 10.1038/nrn3475

Button KS. Statistical Rigor and the Perils of Chance. eNeuro. 2016 Jul 14;3(4). pii: ENEURO.0030-16.2016. doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0030-16.2016.

Dirnagl U. Sind die meisten Forschungsergebnisse tatsächlich falsch? Laborjournal 2014 7/8:38-41

Goodman SN, Fanelli D, Ioannidis JP. What does research reproducibility mean? Sci Transl Med. 2016 Jun 1;8(341):341ps12. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf5027

Ioannidis JP. Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med. 2005 Aug;2(8):e124.

Kimmelman J, Mogil JS, Dirnagl U. Distinguishing between exploratory and confirmatory preclinical research will improve translation. PLoS Biol. 2014 May 20;12(5):e1001863. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001863.

Mogil JS, Macleod MR. No publication without confirmation. Nature. 2017 Feb 22;542(7642):409-411. doi: 10.1038/542409a.

Open Science Collaboration. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science. 2015 Aug 28;349(6251):aac4716. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4716

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Rheinberger HJ Experiment, Differenz, Schrift. Zur Geschichte epistemischer Dinge. Basilisken-Presse, Marburg/Lahn 1992, ISBN 3-925347-20-8.

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